Pediatric Summary Report Secondary Findings in Pediatric Subjects Non-diagnostic, excludes newborn screening & prenatal testing/screening Permalink P Current Version Rule-Out Dashboard Release History Status (Pediatric): Passed (Consensus scoring is Complete) Curation Status (Pediatric): Released - Under Revision 1.2.1 Status (Adult): Incomplete (Consensus scoring is Incomplete) A
GENE/GENE PANEL:
WT1
Condition:
Wilms tumor
Mode(s) of Inheritance:
Autosomal Dominant
Actionability Assertion
Gene Condition Pairs(s)
Final Assertion
WT1⇔0008679 (wilms tumor 1; wt1)
Assertion Pending
Final Consensus Scoresa
Outcome / Intervention Pair
Severity
Likelihood
Effectiveness
Nature of the
Intervention
Intervention
Total
Score
Score
Gene Condition Pairs:
WT1
⇔
0008679
(OMIM:194070)
Morbidity and mortality from WT / Surveillance via abdominal ultrasound
2
3N
0N
2
7NN
a.
To see the scoring key, please go to : https://www.clinicalgenome.org/site/assets/files/2180/actionability_sq_metric.png
Topic
Narrative Description of Evidence
Ref
1. What is the nature of the threat to health for an individual carrying a deleterious allele?
Prevalence of the Genetic Condition
Wilms tumor (WT) is the most common kidney cancer in childhood, with a prevalence of one in 10,000 children. In 10%-15% of individuals with WT, the cause is considered to be a germline pathogenic variant or an epigenetic alteration occurring early during embryogenesis. These may or may not be associated with a known congenital malformation syndrome or hereditary cancer syndrome.
Clinical Features
(Signs / symptoms)
(Signs / symptoms)
WT is a complex embryonal tumor with conventional triphasic histology (blastemic, epithelial, and stromal components). Nephrogenic rests, benign foci of embryonal kidney cells that persist abnormally into postnatal life, are considered to be WT precursors. Pathogenic variants may predispose to nephrogenic rests, while additional pathogenic variants transform nephrogenic rests into a WT. WT usually presents as an abdominal mass in an otherwise apparently healthy child. Abdominal pain, fever, anemia, hematuria, and hypertension are seen in 22% - 35% of affected children. WT1 deletions are also associated with WAGR syndrome (WT, aniridia, genital anomalies, retardation), which is characterized by WT, aniridia, hemihypertrophy, genitourinary abnormalities, ambiguous genitalia, gonadoblastoma, and intellectual disability. However, this report will focus on WT1-related WT and not other outcomes associated with pathogenic variants of WT1 or larger deletions that include WT1.
Natural History
(Important subgroups & survival / recovery)
(Important subgroups & survival / recovery)
Individuals with germline WT1 pathogenic variants are more likely to have bilateral or multicentric tumors and to develop tumors at an early age. The median age of diagnosis is between 3 and 4 years and both kidneys are affected in ~5% of children. Significantly more females than males have the bilateral disease. Adult forms are very rare. In the majority of cases, the prognosis is favorable with a survival rate of over 90%.
2. How effective are interventions for preventing harm?
Information on the effectiveness of the recommendations below was not provided unless otherwise stated.
Information on the effectiveness of the recommendations below was not provided unless otherwise stated.
Patient Management
There are no specific recommendations for management of WT associated with a WT1 pathogenic variant.
(Tier 5)
However, two small studies have assessed nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) in children with WT. A retrospective review of 8 children (aged 7 to 108 months) with syndromes predisposing to WT (Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, isolated hemihyperplasia, WAGR syndrome, and isolated 11p13 deletion) who underwent nephrectomy for unilateral tumors during a 10-year period was conducted with NSS performed in 6 and radical nephrectomies in 2. After a mean follow up of 36 months (range 6 to 72) no recurrences were documented and all children had normal creatinine levels. A second retrospective study of 18 children with bilateral WT at mean age 2.28±1.12 years successfully underwent unilateral or bilateral NSS during a 15-year period. The 4-year event-free survival and overall survival rates were 68.18 and 85.56%, respectively. In univariable analysis, tumor histology (p=0.0028) and disease stage (p=0.0303) appeared significantly associated with overall survival.
(Tier 5)
Surveillance
The goal of surveillance in individuals with a genetic predisposition to WT is to detect tumors while they are low-stage and require less treatment compared to advanced-stage tumors. Surveillance is not a one-time event and should continue through the period of risk. WTs can double in size every week, leading to the recommendation that evaluation with abdominal ultrasound be performed every 3-4 months, with and no less frequently than 3 times a year, until age five years. Even at this frequency, occasional tumors may present clinically between scans and families should be made aware of this. However, there is no evidence to suggest that such tumors have a worse outcome.
(Tier 3)
No evidence was found on the effectiveness of surveillance in children with WT due to WT1 pathogenic variants. In addition, there is no clear evidence that surveillance results in a significant decrease in mortality or tumor stage generally. However, tumors detected by surveillance would be anticipated to be on average smaller than tumors that present clinically. There have been three small retrospective evaluations of WT surveillance published, only one of which reported a significant difference in stage distribution between screened and unscreened individuals. This report was a case series of children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and idiopathic hemihypertropy, where 0/12 screened children with WT had late-stage disease and 25/59 (42%) of unscreened children had late-stage WT (p<0.003). In addition, in Germany, where abdominal ultrasound in children is common and 10% of WT are diagnosed prior to symptoms, there are some data to suggest that asymptomatic tumors are of lower stage than those present due to clinical symptoms.
(Tier 5)
Circumstances to Avoid
No circumstances to avoid have been identified.
3. What is the chance that this threat will materialize?
Mode of Inheritance
Autosomal Dominant
Prevalence of Genetic Variants
A recent meta-analysis revealed a pooled prevalence for WT1 variants in WT to be 0.141 (95% CI: 0.104-0.178). Information on the prevalence of WT1 variants in the general population was not available.
(Tier 1)
Penetrance
(Include any high risk racial or ethnic subgroups)
(Include any high risk racial or ethnic subgroups)
Relative Risk
(Include any high risk racial or ethnic subgroups)
(Include any high risk racial or ethnic subgroups)
No information on relative risk is available.
Expressivity
WT1 germline variants have variable expressivity.
(Tier 3)
4. What is the Nature of the Intervention?
Nature of Intervention
Because surveillance is associated with economic and psychosocial costs including anxiety associated with exams, and false-positive results leading to unnecessary interventions, the decision to pursue surveillance requires careful consideration.
5. Would the underlying risk or condition escape detection prior to harm in the settting of recommended care?
Chance to Escape Clinical Detection
Description of sources of evidence:
Tier 1: Evidence from a systematic review, or a meta-analysis or clinical practice guideline clearly based on a systematic review.
Tier 2: Evidence from clinical practice guidelines or broad-based expert consensus with non-systematic evidence review.
Tier 3: Evidence from another source with non-systematic review of evidence with primary literature cited.
Tier 4: Evidence from another source with non-systematic review of evidence with no citations to primary data sources.
Tier 5: Evidence from a non-systematically identified source.
Date of Search:
05.17.2018
Gene Condition Associations
Gene
Condition Associations
OMIM Identifier
Primary MONDO Identifier
Additional MONDO Identifiers
Reference List
1.
Genetic variation frequencies in Wilms' tumor: A meta-analysis and systematic review.
Cancer Sci.
(2016)
107(5):690-9.
.
2.
Wilms' Tumor.
National Organization for Rare Disorders.
Publisher: National Organization of Rare Diseases.
(2005)
Accessed: 2018-06-25.
Website: https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/wilms-tumor
3.
Nephroblastoma.
Orphanet encyclopedia,
http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=654
4.
Wilms Tumor Predisposition.
2003 Dec 19
[Updated 2016 Oct 20].
In: MP Adam, HH Ardinger, RA Pagon, et al., editors.
GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2024.
Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1294
6.
Nephron sparing surgery for unilateral Wilms tumor in children with predisposing syndromes: single center experience over 10 years.
J Urol.
(2012)
188(4 Suppl):1493-8.
.
7.
Retrospective analysis to determine outcomes of patients with bilateral Wilms tumor undergoing nephron sparing surgery: 15-year tertiary single-institution experience.
Pediatr Surg Int.
(2018)
34(4):427-433.
.
8.
Surveillance for Wilms tumour in at-risk children: pragmatic recommendations for best practice.
Arch Dis Child.
(2006)
91(12):995-9.
.
9.
Genetic Predisposition to Wilms Tumor.
Renal Tumors of Childhood: Biology and Therapy.
(2014)
Accessed: 2018-06-27.
Website: https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783662440025
.